Grammar - Grade 1 List View

Review these list items to study and edit your keyphrase and other memory aids.
Grammar Point

A Keyphrase should be a short phrase that brings to mind and helps to remember the information on this frame.
ないで

without doing ...


Verb ない form +

This grammar point is used to describe an action that is performed without doing another action that would normally be expected. It functions as a negative 'te-form' for verbs to connect two clauses or to describe the manner in which an action is carried out.

Verb (Negative Informal)

The 'ない-form' of the verb is combined with 'で' to indicate that the first action did not happen while the second action did.


I went to school without eating breakfast.

Please come in without taking off your shoes.

He slept without turning off the light.

Note

This form is specifically for verbs. It is often used to mean 'without doing' or 'instead of doing'. It should not be confused with ~なくて, which is more commonly used for expressing a cause or reason for a following state or emotion.



Radicals of radicals