while, although, though, despite, in spite of, notwithstanding
Verb, Adjective, or Noun +
This grammar point is used to express a contradiction or a contrast between two states or actions. It is primarily used in formal or written Japanese to mean 'although' or 'despite'. When the particle も is added, it emphasizes the sense of 'even though'.
Verb ます stem +
When used with verbs, it attaches to the ます stem to indicate that despite the action or state described by the verb, something else is true.
悪いと知り
Although I know it is bad, I cannot stop.
い-Adjective +
For い-adjectives, the grammar point follows the dictionary form directly to show a contrast between the quality of the adjective and the following statement.
狭い
Although it is small, it is a very good house.
Noun / な-Adjective stem +
Nouns and な-adjectives (using their stem) can precede
子供
Although he is a child, he knows a lot.
残念
Although it was unfortunate, it was a good experience.